متعة الحياة ... أن تعمل عملاً لم يسبقك عليه أحد ولم يتوقعه الآخرون

الثلاثاء، 19 نوفمبر 2024

درس الدائرة الكهربائية المركبة فيزياء الجزء الاول على التوالي

 الدائرة الكهربائية المركبة


هي دائرة  كهربائية تحتوي على نوعي التوصيل التوالي والتوازي معا





 خواص توصيل المقاومات ( مصابيح ) على التوالي




دائرة التوالي هي الدائرة الكهربائية التي يكون التيار هو نفسه في أي جزء من أجزاء الدائرة

1 - الإضاءة ضعيفة

2 - يمر تيار واحد في جميع المقاومات ( التيار لا يتجزأ )

3 - الجهد غير متساوٍ على طرفي كل مقاومة

4 - جهد البطارية يساوي مجموع جهود المقاومات

V بطارية = V1  + V2 + V3 + ........

5 - قيمة المقاومة المكافئة أكبر  من قيمة المقاومة مفردةً

6 - إذا تعطلت مقاومة ( مصباح ) تتعطل بقية المقاومات (المصابيح)


فيزياء درس الدوائر الكهربائية

 احسب المقاومة المكافئة لمجموعة المقاومات المبينة في الشكل   ؟

أ/


ب/



بحث جاهز عن Pollution

 



Pollution

Index

Statement

Page

Introduction

2

What is pollution

2

Effects of pollution on the environment:

3

Effects of pollution on human health

5

Reducing Pollution

6

Conclusion

9

Recommendations

9

References

11

 



 
Introduction:
Many things that are useful to people produce pollution. Cars spew pollutants from their exhaust pipes. Burning coal to create electricity pollutes the air. Industries and homes generate garbage and sewage that can pollute the land and water. Pesticides—chemical poisons used to kill weeds and insects—seep into waterways and harm wildlife.
All living things—from one-celled microbes to blue whales—depend on Earth’s supply of air and water. When these resources are polluted, all forms of life are threatened.
Pollution is a global problem. Although urban areas are usually more polluted than the countryside, pollution can spread to remote places where no people live. For example, pesticides and other chemicals have been found in the Antarctic ice sheet.
What is pollution:
Pollution is the introduction of harmful materials into the environment. These harmful materials are called pollutants. Pollutants can be natural, such as volcanic ash. They can also be created by human activity, such as trash or runoff produced by factories. Pollutants damage the quality of air, water, and land.
Air and water currents carry pollution. Ocean currents and migrating fish carry marine pollutants everywhere. Winds can pick up radioactive material accidentally released from a nuclear reactor and scatter it around the world. Smoke from a factory in one country drifts into another country.
Effects of pollution on the environment:
A) Effects of water pollution on the environment
Some polluted water looks muddy, smells bad, and has garbage floating in it. Some polluted water looks clean, but is filled with harmful chemicals you cannot see or smell.
Polluted water is unsafe for drinking and swimming. Some people who drink polluted water are exposed to hazardous chemicals that may make them sick years later. Others consume bacteria and other tiny aquatic organisms that cause disease. The United Nations estimates that 4,000 children die every day from drinking dirty water.
Sometimes, polluted water harms people indirectly. They get sick because the fish that live in polluted water are unsafe to eat. They have too many pollutants in their flesh.
There are some natural sources of water pollution. Oil and natural gas, for example, can leak into oceans and lakes from natural underground sources.
Human activity also contributes to water pollution. Chemicals and oils from factories are sometimes dumped or seep into waterways. These chemicals are called runoff. Chemicals in runoff can create a toxic environment for aquatic life.
Mining and drilling can also contribute to water pollution. Acid mine drainage (AMD) is a major contributor to pollution of rivers and streams near coal mines. Acid helps miners remove coal from the surrounding rocks. The acid is washed into streams and rivers, where it reacts with rocks and sand. It releases chemical sulfur from the rocks and sand, creating a river rich in sulfuric acid. Sulfuric acid is toxic to plants, fish, and other aquatic organisms. Sulfuric acid is also toxic to people, making rivers polluted by AMD dangerous sources of water for drinking and hygiene.
 
B) Effects of air pollution on the environment
Air pollution is the presence of pollutants in air in quantities that can cause health damage to humans, animals, and plants. When gases such as nitrogen oxides, hydrogen sulphides and sulphur oxides are released into the atmosphere they can dissolve in the water vapor of clouds and fall as rain. The presence of these pollutants acidifies the water and causes acid rain.
Acid rain usually has a pH of less than 5 and is highly corrosive and damaging, especially to buildings and forests (Figure 8.6). (pH is a measure of acidity and alkalinity on a scale from 0 to 14. pH 7 is neutral; less than 7 is acid; more than 7 is alkaline.)
Effects of pollution on human health
We should not forget air pollution. Air pollutants in the form of dust and soot (particulate matter) and gases such as carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides have serious impacts on health. Intense air pollution causes reduced lung function and diseases of the respiratory system such as asthma and bronchitis. Acute respiratory infections are among the leading causes of attendance at outpatient clinics in health centers and hospitals.
The direct causal link is difficult to prove, but air pollution from domestic fires and vehicle emissions is a contributory factor. We now turn to the significant impacts on health from water pollution.
Reducing Pollution:
Around the world, people and governments are making efforts to combat pollution. Recycling, for instance, is becoming more common. In recycling, trash is processed so it is useful materials can be used again. Glass, aluminum cans, and many types of plastic can be melted and reused. Paper can be broken down and turned into new paper.
Recycling reduces the amount of garbage that ends up in landfills, incinerators, and waterways. Austria and Switzerland have the highest recycling rates. These nations recycle between 50 and 60 percent of their garbage. The United States recycles about 30 percent of its garbage.
Governments can combat pollution by passing laws that limit the amount and types of chemicals factories and agribusinesses are allowed to use. The smoke from coal-burning power plants can be filtered. People and businesses that illegally dump pollutants into the land, water, and air can be fined for millions of dollars. Some government programs, such as the Superfund program in the United States, can force polluters to clean up the sites they polluted.
International agreements can also reduce pollution. The Kyoto Protocol, a United Nations agreement to limit the emission of greenhouse gases, has been signed by 191 countries. The United States, the world’s second-largest producer of greenhouse gases, did not sign the agreement. Other countries, such as China, the world’s largest producer of greenhouse gases, have not met their goals.
Still, many gains have been made. In 1969, the Cuyahoga River, in the U.S. state of Ohio, was so clogged with oil and trash that it caught on fire. The fire helped spur the Clean Water Act of 1972. This law limited what pollutants could be released into water and set standards for how clean water should be. Today, the Cuyahoga River is much cleaner. Fish have returned to regions of the river where they once could not survive.
But even as some rivers are becoming cleaner, others are becoming more polluted. As countries around the world become wealthier, some forms of pollution increase. Countries with growing economies usually need more power plants, which produce more pollutants.
Reducing pollution requires environmental, political, and economic leadership. Developed nations must work to reduce and recycle their materials, while developing nations must work to strengthen their economies without destroying the environment. Developed and developing countries must work together toward the common goal of protecting the environment for future use.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Conclusion:
In the conclusion, Pollution is a global problem. It has significant impacts on humans and the environment, several points can be deduced from our report, are:
1)    Humans are exposed to pollutants by ingestion with water and food, inhalation through breathing and absorption through the skin.
2)    Pollution prevention means avoiding or minimizing the production of wastes before they are released into the environment. Pollution control involves measures to limit the damage caused by pollutants.
3)    Pollution control is supported by principles such as the polluter pays principle, the precautionary principle, and the principle of duty of care, and by relevant legislation and policies.
Recommendations:
There are many methods for prevention of pollution. For water pollution the main priority is to improve water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) provision. If everyone has access to effective sanitation (latrines) and there is no open defecation, this will prevent contamination of the environment with human feces. Combined with this is the need for safe drinking water to be available for all. In addition, improving hygiene behavior and ensuring that everyone washes their hands will radically reduce the impacts on human health from biological pollutants. In practice there needs to be a coordinated approach to improving all three – water, sanitation, and hygiene – which is reflected in current WASH programmes.
Air pollution can be improved by reducing the reliance on biomass fuels for domestic cooking, especially for indoor fires. Legislation to remove incredibly old vehicles from the road or a requirement for regular maintenance and certification would also help.
For pollutants derived from solid wastes, waste optimization should be adopted. This principle is based on the notion that, ideally, waste should not be produced in the first place. However, this primary target is not always possible and so, if waste is produced, there is a range of options for waste management that form a waste hierarchy from most desirable to least desirable.
 
 
 
References:
1.     David, Michael, and Caroline. "Air Pollution – Effects". Library.thinkquest.org. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
2.     Herrnstadt, Evan; Heyes, Anthony; Muehlegger, Erich; Saberian, Soodeh (2021). "Air Pollution and Criminal Activity: Microgeographic Evidence from Chicago". American Economic Journal: Applied Economics. 13 (4): 70–100.
3.     Chinese Air Pollution Deadliest in World, Report Says. National Geographic News. July 9, 2007.
4.     Stanglin, Doug (October 20, 2017). "Global pollution is the world's biggest killer and a threat to survival of mankind, study finds". USA Today.

6.     https://www.britannica.com/science/pollution-environment

درس البلاغة تلخيص انواع الكلام الجزء الأول الكلام الخبري

 

أنواع الكلام:

الكلام: {ھو اللفظ المفید فائدة تامّة یحسن السكوت علیھا}.

وھو نوعان: كلام خبري وكلام إنشائي.

الكلام الخبري:

الخبر یساق لتحقیق أحد غرضین:

1)   الغرض الأوّلي: وھو قصد الإخبار والإعلام. وھذا ھو الغرض الأصلي من إلقاء الخبر. وھو على ضربین:

أ- فائدة الخبر:

وھو یحصل من الخبر الملقى لإفادة المخاطب الحكم الذي تضمنتھ الجملة. وھذا یشمل جمیع الأخبارالتي یراد منھ ا تعریف المخاطب بمضمونھا، كالأخبار المتصلة بالحقائق العلمیة، أو التاریخیة،ونحوھما.

ب- لازم الفائدة:

وھو یحصل من الخبر الملقى لإفادة المخاطب العالم بالحكم، أن المتكلم عالم بھ أیضا.ً كقولك لم نحفظ القرآن: {حفظت القرآن}.

2)   الأغراض البلاغیة للخبر:

وھو قصد معنى من المعاني - غیر الإخبار والإعلام - التي تفھم من سیاق الكلام، وقرائن الأحوال.

وھي كثیرة أھمھا:

أ- التحسّر:

كقولھ تعالى على لسان أم مریم: {رَبِّ إِنِّي وَضَعْتُھا أنثى}.

ب- الفخر:

نحو قول الشاعر:

ترى الناس ما سِرنا یسیرون خلفنا وإن نحن أومأنا إلى الناس وَقَّفُوا

ج- الاسترحام والخشوع:

نحو قول الشاعر:

إلھي عبدك العاصي قد أتاكا مُقرّاً بالذنوب وقد دعاكا

د- المدح:

كقول عبداللّھ  بن رواحة یمدح النبي صلى االله علیھ وسلم:

تحملُھ الناقةُ الأدماءُ معتجراً بالبُردِ كالبدر جلّى نورُهُ الظُّلما

ھـ- التحضیض والاستنھاض:

نحو قول الشاعر:

العلمُ یرفعُ بیتاً لا عِمَاد لھُ والجھلُ یھدمُ بیتَ العزِّ والكرمِ

و- التوبیخ:

نحو قول الشاعر: فشرّ العالمین ذوو خمولٍ إذا فاخرتَھم ذكروا الجدودا

أضرب الخبر:إنّ لكلّ كلمة في البلاغة حسابا،ً فینبغي على المتكلم أن یراعي حال السامع في خطابھ

معھ، فیصوغ كلامھ على قدر حاجتھ، ومن ھذا المنطلق تنوع الخبر - بحسب أسالیب إلقائھ - إلى ثلاثة أضرب

 

1.    الخبر الابتدائي: وھو الخبر الذي من حقّھ أن یلقى لمخاطب، خالي الذھن من مضمونھ. مثل:

ألقى المدیر كلمة في حفل التخرج.

و حكم ھذا الضرب أن یكون خالیاً من مؤكدات الحكم. وذلك لأن خلو الذھن من شيء، یستوجب استقراره فیھ، عند عروضھ علیھ، من دون حاجة إلى مؤكد.

قال الشاعر:

أتاني ھواھا قبل أن أعرف الھوى فصادف قلباً خالیاً فتمكّنا

2.    الخبر الطلبي: وھو الخبر الذي من حقّھ أن یلقى لمخاطب متردد، وشاكّ في مدلولھ، طالب للوصول إلى معرفتھ، والوقوف على حقیقتھ. ومنھ قولھ تعالى: {إِنَّھا بَقَرَةٌ صَفْراءُ فَاقِعٌ لَونُھا تَسُرالنّاظِرینَ}.

و حكم ھذا الضرب، أنھ یستحسن توكیده بمؤكد، لیتمكن الحكم من نفس المخاطب، ویقطع بھ تردّده وشكّھ.

3.    الخبر الإنكاري: وھو الخبر الذي یلقى لمخاطب منكر لمدلولھ، معتقد بخلافھ. وحكمھ أنھ یجب توكیده، بحسب درجة الإنكار، قوّة وضعفا.ً ویظھر ذلك بالتأمّل في قولھ تعالى:

 { وَاضْرِبْ لَهُمْ مَثَلاً أَصْحابَ الْقَرْيَةِ إِذْ جاءَهَا الْمُرْسَلُونَ (13) إِذْ أَرْسَلْنا إِلَيْهِمُ اثْنَيْنِ فَكَذَّبُوهُما فَعَزَّزْنا بِثالِثٍ فَقالُوا إِنَّا إِلَيْكُمْ مُرْسَلُونَ (14) قالُوا ما أَنْتُمْ إِلاَّ بَشَرٌ مِثْلُنا وَما أَنْزَلَ الرَّحْمنُ مِنْ شَيْ‏ءٍ إِنْ أَنْتُمْ إِلاَّ تَكْذِبُونَ (15) قالُوا رَبُّنا يَعْلَمُ إِنَّا إِلَيْكُمْ لَمُرْسَلُونَ (16) }.

 

 فإنھ لمبالغة المخاطبین في الإنكار في المرّة الثانیة أكد بمؤكدین - إنّ واللام - بینما في المرّة الاُولى اكتفى بمؤكّد واحد ( إن).

أدوات التأكید:

أدوات التأكید ھي:

كثیرة منھا : إنّ - أنّ – لام التوكید – القسم – نون ا التوكید- أداتا الحصر( إلا- إنما) – ربّ – قد – أما للتفصیل )- ضمیر الفصل – لقد – حروف الجر الزائدة – النفي والاستثناء – ألا (للتنبیھ)

أمثلة -:

1/ إن المكسورة، كقولھ تعالى: {إنّ اللّھ غفور رحیم}.

2/  لام الابتداء، كقولھ تعالى: {وإنك لعلى خلق عظیم}.

3/  القسم بأحرفھ (الواو، والباء، والتاء)، نحو قولھ تعالى في قسمھ بالدھر والزمان:{والعصر * إنّ الإنسان لفي خسر}، وقولھ عزّ وجل:ّ {تاللّھ إن كدت لتردین}، ونحو: باالله العظیم لن أشربَ الخمر في حیاتي.

4/ قد، نحو قولھ تعالى: {قَدْ أفلح من تزكّى}.

5/  ضمیر الفصل، كقولھ تعالى: {إن ھذا لھو القصص الحق}.

6/ ألاَ التنبیھیة، كقولھ تعالى: {ألا إن حزب اللّھ ھم الغالبون}.

7/  نونا التوكید (الخفیفة والثقیلة)، وقد اجتمعتا في قولھ تعالى على لسان زوجة عزیز مصر:{ ولئن لم يفعل ما آمره ليسجنن وليكونَن من الصاغرين

8/ الحروف الزائدة، (إن،ْ أن،ْ ما، لا، مِن، الباء).

9/ ( إنما) كقولھ تعالى : ( إنما المؤمنون إخوة).

10/  ( أمّا ) كقولھ تعالى: ( فأما الیتیم فلا تقھر وأما السائل فلا تنھر).

11/  النفي والاستثناء كقولھ تعالى : ( وما محمد إلا رسول قد خلت من قبلھ الرسل).

12/ (ربّ) : رب أخ لك لم تلده أمك.

13/  ( لقد) لقد تفوق محمد .

14/  حرف الجر الزائد : في قولھ تعالى : ( ألیس االله بأحكم الحاكمین ).